Education
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Reliability in Psychology: Definition, Types & Examples
Learn what reliability means in psychology, the four main types — test–retest, inter-rater, internal, and external — plus how psychologists test and improve consistent results.
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Types of Validity Psych: Definitions, Examples & How to Improve Them
Discover the four main types of validity in psychology — internal, external, construct, and criterion validity — with clear examples and how to improve each for valid research.
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Demand Characteristics in Psychology: Definition, Examples & How to Control Them
Demand characteristics occur when participants guess a study’s purpose and change their behaviour. Learn what they are, examples, and how psychologists control them.
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Extraneous and Confounding Variables in Psychology: Types, Examples, and How to Control Them
Extraneous and confounding variables can distort results in psychological research. Learn their types, examples, and how to control them for reliable, valid experiments.
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Independent vs Repeated Measures Design in Psychology: Strengths, Weaknesses & Key Differences
When designing a psychological experiment, researchers must decide how to allocate participants to each condition. Two of the most commonly used de... -
Experimental Designs in Psychology: Types, Examples, and Key Differences
Understanding experimental designs in psychology helps researchers and students test ideas scientifically. This guide explains the four main designs — independent, repeated measures, matched pairs, and quasi — with examples, strengths, and weaknesses. Perfect for A-level revision or anyone learning how psychologists structure their experiments.