Milgram's experiments into obedience can be criticised as being unethical. Describe two ethical issues that can be illustrated by Milgram’s research. (4 marks)

Model Answer

One ethical issue is deception, as participants were misled about the true purpose of the study and believed the shocks were real. This prevented informed consent.

Another issue is protection from harm, as participants experienced significant stress, with some showing signs of extreme emotional distress during the procedure.