Discuss two explanations of resistance to social influence. As part of your discussion, refer to the views expressed by Jack and Sarah in the conversation above. (Total 16 marks)

Model Answer

One explanation of resistance to social influence is locus of control, which refers to whether individuals attribute outcomes to internal or external factors. Jack reflects this view, suggesting that a confident personality (internal locus) enables resistance. Another explanation is social support, which Sarah refers to, as she argues that resistance depends on the presence of others. Social support reduces the pressure to conform by providing an ally who demonstrates that defiance is possible.

One strength of locus of control is its empirical support. (Point) Oliner and Oliner found that individuals who resisted authority during the Holocaust were more likely to have an internal locus of control. (Because) This suggests that personal responsibility increases resistance. (Why) However, locus of control cannot explain all resistance, as situational factors often override dispositional traits. (Counterargument)

A strength of social support is its real-world applicability. (Point) For example, in Milgram’s variation with two disobedient confederates, obedience dropped to 10%. (Because) This shows that observing others resist authority encourages resistance. (Why) However, the effectiveness of social support may vary across cultures, limiting its universality. (Counterargument)