Discuss biological explanations of offending behaviour. (16 marks)

Biological explanations of offending behaviour suggest that criminality may be influenced by inherited or physiological factors. One key explanation is genetic, which proposes that certain individuals may inherit a predisposition towards criminal behaviour. For example, research into the MAOA gene, sometimes referred to as the "warrior gene", has found that low activity in this gene is associated with increased aggression, especially when combined with childhood maltreatment.

Another explanation focuses on neural correlates. This includes abnormalities in brain structure and function, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in self-control, decision-making, and moral reasoning. Studies using brain scans have shown that offenders, especially those with antisocial personality disorder, often have reduced activity in this area.

Additionally, biochemical factors such as abnormal levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine have also been linked to impulsivity and aggression, traits commonly associated with offending behaviour.

One strength of biological explanations is the scientific credibility they offer. Research methods such as brain imaging, twin studies, and genetic analysis provide objective and replicable findings. For instance, Raine et al. used PET scans and found differences in the brain activity of murderers pleading not guilty by reason of insanity compared to controls. This supports the idea that biological differences may underlie some forms of criminality, lending support to these explanations.

However, a limitation is that biological approaches are often biologically deterministic. They suggest that individuals are ‘wired’ to offend based on their biology, which undermines the role of free will and personal responsibility. This can have serious ethical implications, especially in the criminal justice system, as it may lead to reduced accountability for actions. It also fails to consider the impact of environmental or situational factors, such as poverty, education, or peer influence.

Another strength is that biological explanations have practical applications. Understanding genetic and neurological contributions to offending behaviour can lead to early interventions. For example, individuals at higher genetic risk may benefit from targeted support or behavioural programmes. Similarly, treatments aimed at regulating neurotransmitter levels could help manage impulsive or aggressive tendencies. This suggests that biological research can inform more effective prevention strategies.

On the other hand, a further limitation is reductionism. Biological explanations reduce complex human behaviour to genes, chemicals, and brain structures, ignoring the multifactorial nature of offending. Cognitive, social, and environmental factors are all essential to fully understanding why people commit crimes. Therefore, a more interactionist approach, such as the diathesis-stress model, may provide a more comprehensive explanation by combining biological vulnerability with environmental triggers.